Roulette Kisne Banaya? Roulette ki Shuruaat
Kai wheels, ek naam, aur ek shehar jisne aakhir use likh diya.
Record mein koi aisa insaan nahi jisne roulette invent kiya ho. Jaisa game hum jaante hain woh 18vi sadi ke aakhir mein Paris mein dikhta hai, jo purane games ke ghoomte wheel ko Italian aur English table games se liye betting layout ke saath jodta hai.
Poorvaj
Teen purane games ne hisse diye. 1740 ke dashak ke English E.O. (“even-odd”) wheels mein ghoomta wheel tha jismein E ya O wale chaalees pocketssaamanPocketRotor ke 37 numbered khaanon mein se ek. Doosre naam: slot, cup.Poora padhein → the aur us par ek ballsaamanBallChhoti ball jo rotor ki ulti disha mein track par chhodi jaati hai. Aaj ki balls ivorine ya Teflon ki hoti hain, 18–21 mm.Poora padhein → chhodi jaati thi; 1745 mein un par ban laga aur phir bhi khele jaate rahe. Roly-poly, ek aur purana English game, isi jaisa tha. Italian lottery game biribi, jo kaha jaata hai lagbhag 1750 mein Genoa mein shuru hua aur France mein cavagnole kehlata tha, 70 numbers ka board use karta tha jis par players stake lagate the aur ek thaila jisse ek number nikala jaata tha; jeetne wala number stake ka 64 guna lautata tha, stake samet (63 to 1), isliye banker har 70 lagaye unitspaisaUnitBase stake jismein koi system ya player kaam karta hai. Progressions units mein batayi jaati hain taaki kisi bhi table par laagu hon.Poora padhein → mein se 6 rakhta tha, yaani 8.57% ka edge. Casanova, jo 1760 ke dashak mein ise khelte the, ise cheats ka game kehte the, aur France ne 1837 mein ise ban kiya. Isne numbers ke layoutsaamanLayoutTable par chhapa betting grid. Doosre naam: table, felt, cloth.Poora padhein → aur lambe odds wale payoutpaisaPayoutJeetne wala bet kya lautata hai, “X to 1” ke roop mein bataya jaata hai, wapas mile stake ke upar.Poora padhein → ka idea diya. Hoca, jo 1600 ke dashak mein French darbaar mein khela jaata tha, mein tees numbers the aur reserved slots par bana house edgeganitHouse edgeHar stake ka woh hissa jo casino average mein rakh leta hai: European roulette mein 2.70%.Poora padhein →. Inmein se koi roulette nahi hai; saath mil kar yeh uske maa-baap hain.
French darbaar mein Hoca: tees numbers, house slots. Louis XIV ne ban kiya, phir bhi khela gaya.
Italy aur France mein Biribi: numbers wala board, thaile se nikla number, lambe odds.
English gaming houses mein E.O. wheels: ghoomta wheel, ball, even ya odd. 1745 mein ban.
Paris wheel aur numbers wala layout jodta hai. 0 aur 00 dono house pockets hain.
Palais-Royal ka woh game jiska Lablée ka novel (1801) pehchaanne layak detail mein vivaran deta hai.
Roulette kahan invent hua? Paris mein, 1796 tak
Jaques Lablée ka novel La Roulette, ou le Jour, jo 1801 mein chhapa, 1796 ke Palais-Royal ke ek wheel ka vivaran deta hai jismein 1 se 36 tak numbers, ek redbetRed18 red numbers par even-money bet. French mein: rouge.Poora padhein → zerowheelZeroAkela green pocket jise koi even-money, dozen ya column bet cover nahi karta; house edge ka source. Doosre naam: single zero, 0.Poora padhein → aur house ke liye ek blackbetBlack18 black numbers par even-money bet. French mein: noir.Poora padhein → double zerovariantDouble zeroAmerican wheel ka 00 pocket. Iske hone se house edge 2.70% se badhkar 5.26% ho jaata hai.Poora padhein → hai, aur layout mein inside aur outside betsbetOutside betGrid ke chaaron taraf ke boxes par bet: dozens, columns aur even-money bets.Poora padhein → lagbhag waise hi hain jaise aaj. Yeh pehla poora vivaran hai aur yeh pehle se hi aaj ka game hai. Palais-Royal Paris ka gambling ilaaka tha, licensed aur taxed, jab tak 1837 ke ban ne game ko German spa towns mein nahi dhakel diya.
Bad Homburg aur Spa CasinosRoulette mein Inside vs Outside Bets
Naam
Roulette French mein “chhota wheel” hai. Is game par tikne se pehle yeh shabd doosre wheel games ke liye bhi use hota tha: New France, St Lawrence par French colony, ka 1758 ka ek regulation pehle hi “dice, hoca, faro aur roulette” par ban lagata tha, jaisa Shelley (1988) batate hain, bina yeh bataye ki woh roulette kaisa dikhta tha. Shuruaati English sources mein game ko kabhi “roulet” kaha gaya ya “French E.O.” bataya gaya. 1820 ke dashak tak “roulette” ka matlab poore Europe mein ek khaas game tha.
Do zeros
Asli Paris wheels mein 0 aur 00 dono the, jisse 38-pocket wheel par house ko 5.26% ka edge milta tha. Single-zero wheel 1843 mein Bad Homburg mein Blanc brothers ki commercial chaal thi, rival spas se players kheenchne ke liye. American wheel ne dono zeros rakhe kyunki game is badlav se pehle America pahunch gaya tha aur wahan kisi ke paas undercut karne wala competitor nahi tha. Kuch shuruaati American wheels aur aage gaye: 19vi sadi ke ek layout mein sirf 1 se 28 tak numbers the 0, 00 aur eagle ke saath, single number par 27 for 1 deta tha, yaani 12.90% ka edge, aur apne columnsbetColumnLayout ke ek vertical column ke barah numbers, payout 2:1.Poora padhein → aur colours par 9.68% leta tha. Yeh tika nahi.
Yeh phaila kyun
Roulette mein koi skill nahi chahiye, har minute settle hota hai, aur kitne bhi players ek saath us house ke khilaaf bet laga sakte hain jo lambe samay mein haar nahi sakta. Operator ke liye yeh perfect game hai: tez, simple, scalable aur ek jaane-maane rate par faaydemand. Sarkar ke liye yeh taxable hai. Game paise aur licenses ke peechhe Paris se Homburg, Monaco aur phir har jagah gaya.
Monte Carlo RouletteLong-Run Convergence: Roulette mein Law of Large Numbers
Kya nahi badla
Layout, payouts (36/n − 1), round ka fix sequence aur dealer ka role Lablée ke vivaran mein waise hi hain jaise aaj ke live stream par. Wheel ka sequence, deflectorssaamanDeflectorApron par lage metal ke rukawat jaise tukde jo girti hui ball ko idhar-udhar bikher dete hain. Doosre naam: canoe, diamond, pin.Poora padhein → aur neeche fretssaamanFretWheel par do pockets ke beech ka metal divider.Poora padhein → 19vi sadi ke sudhaar hain un players ke khilaaf jo ball ko dekhna seekh gaye the. Single zero akela badlav hai jisne odds ko chhua, aur usne unhe behtar kiya.
Sawaal
Unhone 1650 ke dashak mein doosre kaaranon se ghoomte wheels par experiments kiye. Yeh credit paramparik hai, documented nahi. Unka page dekhiye.
1837 tak Palais-Royal mein licensed, phir 1907 tak ban, jab spa aur samundar kinare ke towns mein casinos ko phir ijaazat mili.
Colours ko sakhti se baari-baari rakhne aur high/low aur odd/even ko phailane ke liye. Exact sequence 19vi sadi mein tay hua aur tab se nahi badla.
Maths ke saath mazaa
Pehle khud try kijiye. Har solution chhupa hua hai; jab taiyaar hon tab kholiye.
Biribi 70 mein se ek number par stake samet 64 for 1 lautata tha: 63 to 1. Yeh kitna edge hai? Agar yeh do numbers par bet offer karta, toh kaunsa payoutpaisaPayoutJeetne wala bet kya lautata hai, “X to 1” ke roop mein bataya jaata hai, wapas mile stake ke upar.Poora padhein → wahi edge rakhta?
Solution dikhaiye
Jawab Edge 6/70, yaani 8.57% hai. Do-number bet 31 to 1 deti, ek poora number.
Single number 70 draws mein ek baar jeetta hai aur 63 unitspaisaUnitBase stake jismein koi system ya player kaam karta hai. Progressions units mein batayi jaati hain taaki kisi bhi table par laagu hon.Poora padhein → deta hai; baaki 69 draws mein 1 haarta hai: (63 − 69)/70 = −6/70, 8.57% ka edge. Doosre shabdon mein, bank 64 lautata hai jahan fair gameganitFair gameAisa game jismein kisi bhi side ka edge nahi: har bet ki expected value zero hai.Poora padhein → 70 lautata.
x to 1 par do-number bet 70 draws mein do baar jeetti hai: 68 haar ke muqable 2x units jeet, expected valueganitExpected valueLambe samay mein har bet ka ausat nateeja. Har standard European bet ke liye stake ka −1/37.Poora padhein → (2x − 68)/70. 2x − 68 = −6 rakhiye: x = 31. Yaani 1 ke liye 32 wapas, 64 ka aadha.
Biribi ke payouts 1 ke liye 64/n wapas ke rule par chalte hain, aur 64 ka 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 aur 32 numbers ke liye saaf aadha hota hai, isliye woh bets poore numbers mein aati hain. Roulette ka 36, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 aur 36 se divide hota hai, jo teen-teen ki rows wale layoutsaamanLayoutTable par chhapa betting grid. Doosre naam: table, felt, cloth.Poora padhein → ke liye theek baithta hai.
Biribi ke 70 numbers, rows mein bichhe hue, chaar three-number bets ki jagah chhodte the. Single number ke 8.57% edge wale rule se, three-number bet ko kitna dena chahiye? Sabse paas ke poore payouts ki keemat kya hogi?
Solution dikhaiye
Jawab 20⅓ to 1. 20 to 1 dene par keemat 10% hogi; 21 to 1 dene par 5.71%.
Upar wale puzzle ka rule: n numbers par bet 1 ke liye 64/n wapas deti hai. Teen numbers ke liye yeh 64/3 = 21⅓ wapas hai, yaani 20⅓ to 1, jo koi chippaisaChipEk fixed raqam ka token, jise bet lagane ke liye layout par rakha jaata hai. Doosra naam: check.Poora padhein → pay nahi kar sakti.
x to 1 par three-number bet 70 draws mein 3 baar jeetti hai aur 67 baar haarti hai: expected value (3x − 67)/70. 20 to 1 par: −7/70, 10%. 21 to 1 par: −4/70, 5.71%.
Ek unit ke tihaai se neeche round karna player ko lagbhag dedh point mehenga padta hai; upar round karna lagbhag teen point wapas deta hai. Chhattees, apne kai divisors ke saath, roulette ko American five-number bet ke alawa har bet par is choice se bachata hai.
19th century ke eagle wheel mein 31 pocketssaamanPocketRotor ke 37 numbered khaanon mein se ek. Doosre naam: slot, cup.Poora padhein → the, 1 se 28 plus 0, 00 aur ek eagle, aur yeh single number par 27 for 1 deta tha. Iski columnbetColumnLayout ke ek vertical column ke barah numbers, payout 2:1.Poora padhein → aur color bets ki keemat 9.68% thi. Usi keemat ke liye four-number bet ko “for 1” mein kitna dena chahiye?
Solution dikhaiye
Jawab 7 for 1, jiski keemat 3/31 = 9.68% hai.
X for 1 dene wali bet jeetne par stake samet X units lautati hai. Four-number bet 31 mein 4 baar jeetti hai, isliye har 31 lagane par 4X units lautati hai: expected value (4X − 31)/31.
7 for 1 par yeh −3/31 hai, 9.68%, columns aur colors jitna. 8 for 1 par yeh +1/31 hota, player ke liye edge. Isliye eagle wheel ka rule (28 − n)/n to 1 tha, 31 mein se teen house pockets.
Thodi hansi
English wheel, Italian layout, French naam, do zeros.
Sources
- Lablée, J. La Roulette, ou le Jour.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.
- Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 4th ed.