Monte Carlo Roulette
Woh casino jisne ek chhoti si riyasat ko single-zero wheel ka ghar bana diya.

1863 mein François Blanc ke under khula Casino de Monte-Carlo ne European wheel ko continent ka standard banaya aur roulette ko uske sabse mashhoor kisse diye, Jagger ke biased wheel se 1913 ke 26 blacks tak.
Monaco hi kyun
1850 ke dashak mein Monaco ek diwaliya chattan tha jismein ek prince, ek mahal tha aur koi industry nahi. German states mein, jahan spa casinos phal-phool rahe the, gambling par ban lag raha tha. Prince Charles III ne 1856 mein casino concession diya; pehli koshishein railway aur sadak na hone se fail huin. François Blanc, jinhone Bad Homburg ko mashhoor kiya tha, ne 1863 mein concession khareeda, Société des Bains de Mer banayi, Nice se railway ke liye lobbying ki, aur naye ilaake ka naam prince ke naam par Monte Carlo rakha. Casino ne state ko itna paisa diya ki 1869 mein income tax khatam kar diya gaya aur kabhi wapas nahi aaya.
Single zero ek policy ke roop mein
Blanc Homburg se single-zerowheelZeroAkela green pocket jise koi even-money, dozen ya column bet cover nahi karta; house edge ka source. Doosre naam: single zero, 0.Poora padhein → wheel laaye. Monte Carlo mein yeh muqable ki chaal nahi, standard tha: har table, har din. Poore Europe ke players ne 2.70% par Monte Carlo roulette game seekha aur doosri jagah bhi yahi umeed ki, isiliye double zerovariantDouble zeroAmerican wheel ka 00 pocket. Iske hone se house edge 2.70% se badhkar 5.26% ho jaata hai.Poora padhein → sirf wahin bacha hai jahan Monte Carlo ne kabhi norm tay nahi kiya.
Monaco mein pehla casino concession. Fail: na sadak, na railway, kam players.
François Blanc kaam sambhalte hain. Société des Bains de Mer ki sthapna.
Nice se railway khulti hai. Visitors trainon bhar kar aate hain.
Monaco mein income tax khatam.
Joseph Jagger wheels mein bias dhoondhte hain aur bahut paisa jeette hain; casino apne wheels idhar-udhar karta hai, phir badal deta hai.
Charles Wells kuch hi dinon mein kai baar “bank todte” hain, kismat aur ek system ke saath jo unhone kabhi samjhaya nahi.
Lagataar 26 blacks. Gambler’s fallacy ko uska doosra naam milta hai.
French casinos phir khulne par Casino de Monte-Carlo Riviera gambling par apni monopoly kho deta hai.
Bank todna
Har Monte Carlo roulette table ka ek cash reserve hota tha, “bank”. Jab koi player reserve se zyada jeet leta, toh aur cash laane tak table par blackbetBlack18 black numbers par even-money bet. French mein: noir.Poora padhein → kapda daal diya jaata: bank “toot” gaya. Aisa aksar hota tha aur yeh shaandaar publicity thi; iska matlab yeh nahi tha ki casino kul mila kar paisa haar gaya, bas ek table ka float khatam ho gaya. Charles Wells ne 1891 mein ek gazab run ke saath kai baar aisa kiya, ek music-hall gaane ka vishay bane, aur usi sardi mein uska kuch hissa wapas haar gaye.

Kahaniyan
Joseph Jagger ka biased wheellabBiased wheelAisa wheel jiske physical defects kuch pockets ko 1/37 se zyada likely bana dete hain. Bahut kam milta hai, aur hazaron record kiye gaye spins se hi pakda ja sakta hai.Poora padhein → (lagbhag 1880), Wells (1891) aur 26 blacks (1913) sab yahin hue, aur har ek ka apna page hai. Casino ke publicity department ne, jo apne zamane se aage tha, dhyan rakha ki har kahani London ke akhbaaron mein chhape. Ek aisi jagah ki legend jahan kismat banti thi, 2.70% ke kisi imaandaar account se zyada railway tickets bechti thi.
Aaj ka Monte Carlo roulette game
Casino aaj bhi chalta hai, aur roulette aaj bhi main salon ka center hai, single-zero wheels aur French rules ke saath (even money par la partageniyamLa partageFrench rule: zero aane par even-money stake ka aadha wapas milta hai. In bets par house edge aadha hokar 1.35% ho jaata hai.Poora padhein → ya en prisonniyamEn prisonFrench rule: zero aane par even-money bet haarne ke bajaye agle spin ke liye rok liya jaata hai. In bets par house edge aadha ho jaata hai.Poora padhein →). Société des Bains de Mer aaj bhi riyasat ki main company hai. Maths ka Monte Carlo method, jiska naam 1940 ke dashak mein Ulam aur von Neumann ne is casino par rakha, wahi hai jo is site ke simulators chalata hai.
Sawaal
Nahi. 19vi sadi se un par rok hai; casino visitors ke liye tha.
Baad ke accounts mein yeh lagataar bataya gaya hai; us daur ke casino ke apne records public nahi hain. ProbabilityganitProbabilityKisi outcome ka chance, 0 se 1 tak ya 0% se 100% tak. Ek number: 1/37 = 2.70%.Poora padhein → ke hisaab se pachaas saal ke khel mein kahin na kahin aisa hona mel khata hai.
Stanislaw Ulam ke chacha wahan jua khelte the; Manhattan Project par random sampling ke liye yeh naam code word tha.
Thodi hansi

Bank aksar toota. Casino par kabhi shak nahi hua.
Sources
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.